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wild Gallus gallus spadiceus |
The past week saw the publication of a landmark genomic study on chickens (Wang et al 2020, Cell Research), which clarifies much about origins, and focuses some questions for further research. For a news summary see Lawler's Science piece.
It is transformative because it includes a substantial sample of genomes from across all of the wild
subspecies of Red Jungle Fowl (142 wild red jungle fowls) and other wild Gallus species. The first thing to note is
that is does support the reality of these different wild taxa. They aren’t
merely geographical feral populations derived from escaped chickens, but they are
differentiated from each other, making it reasonable to ask which population(s) are
ancestral to domesticated chickens. In addition there has, of course, been gene
flow via introgressions with domesticated chickens, but this has been on a
more limited scale. So the answer to big question (of origins) appears to be Gallus gallus spadiceus. G. g. spadiceus is geographically focused on Burma, Yunnan,
Guangxi, northern Thailand and bits of Laos. This struck me as the most
surprising—this geographical derivation. If one favours a Chinese origins then
you would look to G. g. jaboulliei (of the Guangdong and Fujian and perhaps further north in the past); if one favours an Indus domestication then one
looks to G. g. murghii. Previously I have accepted the likelihood of an Indus Chicken
domestication and a spread through India in post-Harappan times (e.g. Fuller 2006). This now
appears unlikely. Instead it probably means that wild jungle fowls attracted
attention in the Harappan period as pretty birds that were captured sometimes, traded,
etc.,but not really domesticated subsistence species. Presumably
the first Bronze Age Mesopotamian and Ramesside Egyptian “chickens” were
actually pet wild jungle fowl-- fancy exotic birds-- and not connected to chickens as we understand
them now. The "multi-colored birds of Meluhha" that were imported to Mesopotamia at the end of the Third Millennium BC from the Indus region, are plausible painted ivory statuettes of murghii jungle fowl (see, e.g. During-Caspers 1990).
These new genetic data also make it clear that
as chickens spread out of their northern SE Asian homeland they did pickup some
genetic material through introgression with local wild jungle fowl (such as G. g. murghii in northern India) and even grey jungle fowl in South India (the source
of yellow legs: G. sonneratii). This process can be called “introgressive capture” and it is
widespread in most livestock and many crops. This process has sometimes confused genetic studies into inferring multiple domestications, but with more genomic data it can now be disentangled (see Larson and Fuller 2014).
It is also quite exciting that they have some genetic loci that might be
under positive selection as part of the domestication process. One of the real
mysteries with animal domestication is what constitutes domestication in a
genetic sense in terms of adaptations. In plant it is well known that certain
genes for seed dispersal, growth habit, dormancy, grain size, etc. were
selected. We can find this evidence genetically and tie it to morphological
changes in the archaeobotanical record. There is so far nothing equivalent in
animals that links genetic loci to the morphological adaptations we see with
animal domestication. So on a more theoretical level this may be the first step
to actually starting to unravel the genetics of animal domestication.

There estimate of the age of the last common ancestor of domesticated chickens and G. g. spadiceus 9500 BP (+/- 3000). But I would regard domestication any time between 10000 BC and 4500 BC as highly unlikely. As the authors themselves not in the first paragraph of their discussion such genetic estimates of domestication age tend to be over estimates (by upto 15,000 years!), so these are not exactly reliable. In fact I would regard
the tendency genetic coallesence ages as to tell us anyting about the timing of
domestication to be a highly misleading tradition that is entrenched in
genetics but has little to back it up. Take the example of rice (Oryza
sativa), where the genetic estimate of last common ancestor of cultivated
rice and modern wild population is ca. 18,000 (Choi et al 2017). But
archaeologically even the more generous estimates are ~10,000 (and more like
7,000-6500 by more cautious approaches). I suspect a more general problem is that
what is being picked up the last major cladogenetic event that structured wild
populations and not domestication itself. Often this can be expected to be
something climatic, so 9500 BP is telling us something about how Early Holocene
climatic changes—which restructured vegetation in big ways—restructured wild
jungle fowl. Then it was one of these localized population that millennia later
got domesticated. In all likelihood that localized population that was actually
domesticated won’t exist anymore. It is also worth noting
that the reality of domestication bottlenecks is itself somewhat dubious and is
in the past year or two come to be questioned. Where ancient DNA is available
(e.g. maize, sorghum, barley) it is demonstrable that no such bottleneck
occurred and age estimates (see Allaby, Ware and Kistler 2019) that conceive some sort of a bottleneck may not be really telling up about domestication.
Given what we know of the archaeology of
SE Asia, one would tend think the initial domestication and spread of chicken is unlikely earlier than the grain-based Neolithic that starts around 2500
BC (in southern bits of China) and reaches southern Thailand at 2000 BC.
However, as far as I know there are no archaeological chicken finds at early
sites. So I wonder whether the first spread of domesticated chicken might represent a secondary later spread
perhaps closer to 1000 BC (the period when Bronze working spread southwards from China); this might
also be the period when new crops spread like sticky rice. It may be that at
that time chickens also spread rapidly via trade routes to India. I have long
argued (e.g. Fuller 2007) that in South India the Dravidian linguistics suggest arrival of
chickens after the South, South-Central and Central languages had fully
diverged (which is something like 3000 years ago). Not long after this there
are good chicken terminologies in Sanskrits and Prakrits from the 1st
Millennium BC, so it makes sense that chickens really only became established as livestock in India at around that time, and of course it is the later Iron Age when they
first turn up in the west , such as the Hellenistic era evidence from the Levant (Perry-Gal et al 2015), or as an exotic animal in western Europe (Sykes 2012).
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