Sunday 21 June 2020

Citrus diversity in Roman Naples: pollen evidence for tangerines

Lemon, Citron, Chicken
The early history of Citrus fruits in the Mediterranean has been an active area of discussion amongst archaeobotanists, historians and palynologists in recent years. It has been well-established that citrons (Citrus medica) and lemons (Citrus limon) were known. For one thing they appear distinctively in Roman art, and for another their seeds are well known from Pompeii (e.g. Celant and Fiorentino 2018). What has been less clear is whether anything that we would call an orange today was known. Despite plausible textual sources, it is always hard to translate ancient terms into botanical species, especially in Citrus fruits that are so variety-rich, prone to both hybridization and frequent somatic mutations. So I have tended to think that some of the few orange-like seeds from Pompeii and from Rome, might just be outliers in the range of variation of early lemons (which are likely to have some pomelo and orange related ancestry in their South Asian origins (see, e.g. Fuller et al 2018). But an important new morphometric investigation of pollen of several Citrus species and archaeological pollen from Oplontis (near Pompeii) seems to have cleared this up. 


Lumaga et al. (2020) in a recent Vegetation History and Archaeobotany article, demonstrate the clear distinction in exine form, especially the cell or lumen size, that differentiates oranges (C. reticulata- the more primitive species, or less hybridized, of mandarin oranges or tangerines and similar small, sweet fruits). Much larger lumens characterize lemons. So I stand corrected on the Citrus diversity of Roman Italy: at least citrons, lemons and mandarins were grown.

This raises interesting questions about how these got to Rome. While these oranges were certainly known in China prior to the Han Dynasty, I have previously deduced that early orange in India-- known from Prakrit and Pali sources of the First Millennium BC-- naranga-- were perhaps most likely bitter oranges (Citrus aurantium), with sweet fruits coming later. Long distance transport of fruits from China to Rome strikes me as unlikely, so perhaps then there was more fruit diversity in northern Indian after all included under the rubrice of naranga, or other less obvious terms. Early South Dravidian languages (precursor to Old Tamil and Kannada) do seem to have two different kinds of oranges. This highlights all the more need for archaeobotanical investigations of early citrus (hidden in flots as charred rind fragments) throughout South Asia and Middle East in the Iron Age period.

I was recently interviewed about the history of Citrus fruits, especially oranges, in Europe in relation to how we can understand their use and symbolism in the writings of William Shakespeare: find the podcast here: That Shakespeare Life.


6 comments:

Unknown said...
This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
ADMIN said...

GET  ACCESS TO ANY CELLPHONE REMOTELYHACK ANY WHATSAPP  ACCOUNT HACK ANY INSTAGRAM  ACCOUNT  HACK ANY FACEBOOK ACCOUNTUsing SS7
GET ALL MONEY ADDERS SOFTWARE HERE WITH PROOF  
PAYPAL MONEY ADDERPAYONEER MONEY ADDERBITCOIN MONEY ADDER
SKRILL MONEY ADDER
Western Union bug 
NETELLER ADDER

DEBIT CARD LOADER
BANK ACCOUNT LOADER
CREDIT CARD LOADER
CLONE CARDS
HACK ANY GMAIL ACCOUNTLinkedIn email and password hacking
SS7 SOFTWARE AVAILABLESerious inquiries only
contact me : putro9111@gmail.comTelegram:   https://t.me/Hackord247Phone:   +1 (912) 805-7496https://makemoneywithputro.wordpress.com/
 HACK N'IMPORTE QUEL COMPTE WHATSAPP
 HACKER TOUT COMPTE INSTAGRAM
 HACK N'IMPORTE QUEL COMPTE FACEBOOK
 OBTENEZ TOUS LES LOGICIELS AJOUT D'ARGENT AVEC LA PREUVE
 AJOUT D'ARGENT PAYPAL
 AJOUT D'ARGENT PAYONEER
 BITCOIN MINER BOTAJOUT D'ARGENT DE SKRILLBug de Western UnionNETELLER ADDER
 CHARGEUR DE CARTE DE DÉBIT
 CHARGEUR DE COMPTE BANCAIRE
 CHARGEUR DE CARTE DE CRÉDIT
 CARTES CLONE
 HACKER TOUT COMPTE GMAIL Piratage d'e-mails et de mots de passe LinkedIn
 LOGICIEL SS7 DISPONIBLE
 Enquêtes sérieuses uniquement
 contactez-moi: putro9111@gmail.com
 Télégramme: https://t.me/Hackord247
 Téléphone: +1 (912) 805-7496
 https://makemoneywithputro.wordpress.com/

私に連絡してください:putro9111@gmail.com
 WHATSAPPのアカウントをハック
 インスタグラムアカウントをハックする
 Facebookアカウントをハック

 証拠のあるすべてのマネーアダーソフトウェアをここで入手する

 PAYPAL MONEY ADDER

 PAYONEER MONEY ADDER
 ビットコインマイナーボット
 SKRILL MONEY ADDER
 ウエスタンユニオンバグ
 NETELLER ADDER
 デビットカードローダー
 銀行口座ローダー
 クレジットカードローダー
 クローンカード
 Gmailアカウントをハック LinkedInのメールとパスワードのハッキング
 利用可能なSS7ソフトウェア
 深刻な問い合わせのみ
 私に連絡してください:putro9111@gmail.com
 電報:https://t.me/Hackord247
 電話:+1(912)805-7496
 https://makemoneywithputro.wordpress.com/



 
 拥有任何WHATSAPP帐户
 拥有任何INSTAGRAM帐户
 拥有任何FACEBOOK帐户

 在此处获取带有证明的所有货币添加软件

 贝宝付款
 收款人付款人
 比特币矿工机器人
 速效货币加法器
 西联汇款错误
 NETELLER ADDER
 借记卡装载器
 银行帐户装载程序
 信用卡装载机
 克隆卡
 拥有任何GMAIL帐户 LinkedIn电子邮件和密码黑客
 提供SS7软件
 仅认真查询
 与我联系:putro9111@gmail.com
 电报:https://t.me/Hackord247
 电话:+1(912)805-7496
 https://makemoneywithputro.wordpress.com/


 Взломать любой аккаунт
 Взломать любой аккаунт INSTAGRAM
 Взломать любой аккаунт в FACEBOOK
 ПОЛУЧИТЕ ВСЕ ПРОГРАММНОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ДЕНЕГ ДОБАВЛЯЕТ СЮДА
 ПОДСЧЕТ ДЕНЕГ PAYPAL
 PAYONEER MOND ADDER
 BITCOIN MINER BOT
 SKRILL MOND ADDER
 Ошибка Western Union
 NETELLER ADDER
 ПОГРУЗЧИК ДЕБЕТНОЙ КАРТЫ
 ПОГРУЗЧИК БАНКОВСКОГО СЧЕТА
 ПОГРУЗЧИК КРЕДИТНОЙ КАРТЫ
 КЛОННЫЕ КАРТЫ
 Взломать любой аккаунт GMAIL LinkedIn взлом электронной почты и паролей
 ПРОГРАММНОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ SS7 В НАЛИЧИИ
 Только серьезные запросы
 свяжитесь со мной: putro9111@gmail.com
 Telegram: https://t.me/Hackord247
 Телефон: +1 (912) 805-7496
 https://makemoneywithputro.wordpress.com/
 
 HACKEN SIE JEDES WHATSAPP-KONTO
 HACKEN SIE JEDES INSTAGRAM-KONTO
 HACK JEDES FACEBOOK-KONTO
 HIER ERHALTEN SIE ALLE GELDADDERS-SOFTWARE MIT BEWEIS
 PAYPAL GELD ADDER
 PAYONEER GELDADDER
 BITCOIN MINER BOT
 SKRILL GELDADDER
 Western Union Bug
 NETELLER ADDER
 DEBIT CARD LOADER
 BANKKONTO-LADER
 KREDITKARTENLADER
 KLONKARTEN
 HACK JEDES GMAIL-KONTO LinkedIn E-Mail- und Passwort-Hacking
 SS7 SOFTWARE VERFÜGBAR
 Nur ernsthafte Anfragen
 Kontaktieren Sie mich: putro9111@gmail.com
 Telegramm: https://t.me/Hackord247
 Telefon: +1 (912) 805-7496
 https://makemoneywithputro.wordpress.com/

Unknown said...

My name is Mrs Aisha Mohamed, am a Citizen Of Qatar.Have you been looking for a loan?Do you need an urgent personal loan or business loan?contact Dr James Eric Finance Home he help me with a loan of $42,000 some days ago after been scammed of $2,800 from a woman claiming to been a loan lender but i thank God today that i got my loan worth $42,000.Feel free to contact the company for a genuine financial service. Email:(financialserviceoffer876@gmail.com) call/whats-App Contact Number +918929509036 Dr James Eric Finance Pvt Ltd

Alex Williamson said...

This Content is very useful for those students who want to Study In Canada because Canada has become an ideal place for higher education studies. Thanks for sharing this one with us. Hope you will continue to share this type of blog again.
student accommodation thorold

Karen said...

how to invest in bitcoin for beginners alphabitmining.com

Anonymous said...

NAME|SSN|DOB|DL|ADDRESS|EMAIL|PHONENUMBER|WORKHISTORY|ACCOUNTDETAILS
Fresh Fullz & Fresh Spammed

CCNUMBER|MM|YYYY|CVV|NAME|SSN|DOB|ADDRESS|EMAIL|PHONENUMBER
CC fullz with CVV

High Credit Scores Pros 700+
EIN Business Fullz

ICQ 752822040
WA/TG +92 317 272 1122
TG @leadsupplier
Skype/Wickr @peeterhacks

Spamming All fresh Tools & Tutorials
Hacking Stuff
Carding Methods & Cashout Methods
Loan Methods
SMTP's/RDP's/SHELLS/Brutes/C-panels
Key-Loggers/Kali-Linux Full Package
Courses for D**K/D**P Web
SQLi Injector
Combos/I.P's/Proxies
Logs/HQ Emails

ICQ/TG @killhacks
WA +92 317 272 1122
exploit.tools4u at gmail dot com